PRONOUNS

There will be no separate treatment here of pronouns: the lexicon offers sufficient to get on with; some difficulties are met on the page concerning nominal anomalies. A few details are treated on this page. An important pronoun-like word is

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (>MsgN ὁ, >FsgN ἡ, >NesgN τὸ)
[for complete declension see synopsis of noun formation]

In Homer (9^th -8^th cent. BC Ionic) this word still has it’s original value of demonstrative  pronoun, and in addition to that it is in use as relative pronoun. Herodotus (6^th cent. BC Ionic) does have the use as definite article, but also uses it as relative pronoun. In Attic prose the value of the word is largely comparable to English “the”: it is used to mark known quantities, e.g. I see a man (as yet unknown); the man is tall. “a” man in Greek is expressed without any article, as Greek has no indefinite article. There are a few differences between English and Greek: personal names in Greek are often given with a definite article, whereas English doesn’t use it; names of rivers in Greek seldom get a definite article, in English almost always. Things of which there are only one (the king, the z(our!) harbour, the sky, the Athenians etc.) in Greek frequently go without a d art, in contrast to English. Generalisations such as “Attic wine” in English go without the d art, in Greek not.

The definite article in Greek has some functions that are strictly speaking not just ”article”:

I. “Attributing”. Imagine a sbs with accompanying d art: ὁ δοῦλος; one can make almost any word or group of words into an attributive adjunct by placing it between the article and its noun: ὁ ἀργὸς δοῦλος (the lazy slave), ὁ τοῦ ἱερέως δοῦλος (the priest’s slave), ὁ ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ δοῦλος (the slave about the house), ὁ πρὶν δοῦλος (the former slave). The same may be achieved by repeating the d art after the noun and then adding the word(s) meant to be an attributive adjunct: ὁ δοῦλος ὁ ἀργὸς, ὁ δοῦλος ὁ τοῦ ἱερέως etc.

Words not so placed are not meant be read as attributive adjuncts; exceptions to this rule: 1) the G of personal pronouns as possessive G are not so placed: ὁ δοῦλός μου (my slave), 2) partitive G are usually not so placed: ὁ ἄριστος παντῶν (the best of all),  3) demonstrative pronouns: οὖτος ὁ ἀνήρ/ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος (that man); 4) authors do make other exceptions to this rule when they consider no other interpretation than that as attributive adjunct possible.

II. “Substantivating”. Words or groups of words that do not of themselves express a substantive can be made into a substance simply by preceding them by a d art: τότε (then), οἱ τότε (the then people, the people of that time), νενικήκαμεν τοὺς ἐν τῷ κέρᾳ τῷ δεξίῳ. (We have vanquished those on the right wing.) Slightly different cases: ἑαυτοῦ (of himself), τὰ ἑαυτοῦ (that of himself, his own matters); λέγειν (to speak), ἐν τῷ λέγειν ταῦτα (in speaking this, saying this).

III. Completely independent, similar to demonstrative pronouns independently used:

a) at the beginning of a clause or member thereof, immediately followed by μὲν  or δὲ, e.g. Τοῦ μὲν ἀκούομεν, τοῦ δὲ ἀμελοῦμεν. (To the one we listen, but the other we disregard.) Εἰρωτῶμεν αὐτὸν τὸ γένος· ὁ δὲ ἐσιώπα. (We asked him his origin; but he kept silent.) N.B. This should not be reversed: the d art is not always independently used when followed by μὲν or δὲ: Τῆς μὲν Ἀττικῆς κρατεῖτε, τῶν δ΄ Ἀθηναίων οὐκ. (You are masters of Attica, but not of the Athenians.)

b) as complement of a preposition: Πρὸ τοῦ οὔποτε εἶδομεν αὐτόν. (Before now we have never seen him.) [In Attic this use is practically confined to the preposition πρό]

ATTRIBUTIVE-PREDICATIVE

With observance of above-mentioned exceptions one may assume: not attributively placed means not attributively meant, therefore predicatively meant, which is a function close to, but not quite, adverbial. Τοῖς Σπαρτιάταις ἰσχυροτέροις μὴ μαχώμεθα. (Let us not fight with the Spartans (because they are) too strong.). Ὁ δοῦλος τοῦ ἱερέως φροντίζει. (The slave cares for the priest.), but Ὁ δοῦλος ὁ τοῦ ἱερέως φροντίζει. (The priest’s slave takes care.)

ATTIC TRAGEDY and the d art: in Attic Tragedy (Aischylos, Sophokles, Euripides) the d art is hardly ever used as such, but frequently in the functions I., II. & III. above.

HOMER: in Homer the d art is still a demonstrative pronoun, also in use as a relative pronoun. It is never to be translated with “the”.

ΑΥΤΟΣ

I. agreeing with another word:
a) attributively: ” the same”. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνὴρ  ἀεὶ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον λέγει. (The same man always tells the same story.)
b) predicatively: “self” Ὁ Σωκράτης αὐτὸς τοῦτο ἔλεγεν. (Socrates used to say this himself.)

II. Not agreeing:
a) in the N it is a predicative adjunct to the subject (not always present in the clause) Αὐτὸς ἔλεγες τοῦτο. (You said this yourself.)
b) in other cases it is personal pronoun for the 3^rd person: Ὁρῶμεν αὐτούς. (We see them.)
c) Independent accompanied by a d art: “the same”: Αὔριον ἔτι τὸ αὐτὸ ἐρῶ. (Tomorrow I shall still say the same.)

[Of course there are cases imaginable of αὐτός that look as if they agree with another word, but are not so meant by the author!]