ATHEMATIC PERFECTS.

Remarks contained in {.....} are also valid for perfects II. & III., taking into account that these have no –κ-.

{Active perfects make their optative by sticking the thematic optative endings onto the perfect stem.}

{Subjunctive and optative are frequently made periphrastically, this is by combining one of the Nominatives (depending on the subject) of the ptc with the copulative εἰμί. N.B. the special A ptc endings! }

II. [-α/ε/--]. Take note of the remarks between { } in the treatment of perfect I.

This kind is mainly for stems ending in labials (β, π, φ) and gutturals (γ, κ, χ). Ablaut is quite frequent, but here the vowel in the stem mostly changes from –ε- into –ο-, e.g. λείπω, λέλοιπα.

Finding the lexical form: after having made the  pr-ind 1^st  sg consult the following table:

If the vowel in the stem is –o-, try changing it into –ε-.