It is recommended, before using this synopsis, to have a thorough acquaintance with the introduction to the verb.

Before initial use of this paradigm read nu-ephelkustikon.

If this synopsis after intensive trying does not bring the required enlightenment, amathesin might help.

AUGMENT
Initial addition to stem; compulsory in:
a) all pa-ind forms
b) all perfect forms of “non-reduplicant” stems.

There are two types:
1) augm. “syllabicum”, which consists of a prefixed syllable ἐ-, e.g. stem λυ- > ao ἔλυσα; initial ῥ- is redoubled: stem ῥηγ- > ao ἔρρηξα.

2) augm. “temporale”: consists in lengthening of initial vowel. Long initial vowels remain unchanged; initial ι- or υ-: no visible change:

ε-, ει-
α-, ε-, η-
αι-, ῃ-
ι-
ο-, ω-
οι-, ῳ-
υ-

> ει-

> η-

> ῃ-

> ι-

> ω-

> ῳ-

> υ-

3) augm. “duplex”: consists of both syllabicum and temporale:

α-
ο-
οι-

> εα-

> εω-

> εῳ-

[In Epic the augment is not compulsory in pa-ind. In other Ionic (Herodotus) augm. 2) is not compulsory in pa-ind or in perf.]

REDUPLICATION

Prefixed syllable containing initial element of the stem. Rdpl is compulsory in all perfect forms of stems with one initial consonant.

a) Of stems with initial cons. the prefixed syll. consists of this initial cons. plus a vowel (ε or ι), e.g. stem λυ-> perf. λέλυκα; in duratives the vowel is ι: e.g. stem δω-> du. δίδωμι.

[if the initial cons. is an aspirate (θ,φ,χ) the prefixed syll. has the corresponding unvoiced cons. (τ,π,κ) as opening cons: stem θη-> du τίθημι, stem χρισ-> pf κέχρισται].

To perf pa-ind forms augment 1) is added before the rdpl.

b) for (few!) stems with initial vowel there is “Attic” rdpl: a syll. consisting of the first vowel+consonant is prefixed , e.g. stem ἀγ-> A aor inf ἀγαγεῖν; in pa-ind augment is added: A pa-ind 1^st sg: ἤγαγον.

In perf forms the prefix is added to augmented stem: stem ὀλε-> perf ὀλώλεκα. pa-ind forms are again augmented in the first syllable: ὠλωέκειν. All this concerns few verbs, but these tend to be fairly frequent ones!

“Non-reduplicant” stems: in all perfect forms these take augm. instead of rdpl:

*most with initial vowel

*most with two initial conss [ζ-, ξ-, ψ- & ῥ-, although one letter, count for two conss. and are all non-rdpl.]

*all with more than two initial conss.

STEM

Occurrence of stem variations (Ablaut), comparable to English “drive, drove, driven”) is frequent, e.g.

λειπ- (in du, fu, P ao, MdP perf)

λιπ- (in A&Md ao)

λοιπ- (in A perf)

γν- (in du)

γεν- (in ao)

γον- (A pf)

γενη- (in fu, MdP perf)

γα- (in A pf)

T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C

DURATIVES

AORISTS

FUTURES

PERFECTS

no thematic perfects, but

A
C
T
I
V
E

pr-ind

-ω
-εις
-ει
-ομεν
-ετε
-ουσιν

subj
-ω/-ωμι
-ῃς/-ῃσθα
-ῃ/-ῃσιν

-ωμεν
-ητε
-ωσιν

1)

opt

-οιμι
-οις
-οι

-οιμεν
-οιτε
-οιεν

imp

-ε
-έτω

-ετε
-όντων/
-έτωσαν

2)

inf

-ειν/

-εμεν(αι)

ptc
>M
-ων
-οντος
-οντι
-οντα

-οντες
-όντων

-ουσιν-οντας

>Ne
-ον
-οντος
-οντι
-ον

-οντα
-όντων
-ουσιν-οντα

>F
-ουσα
-ούσης
-ούσῃ
-ουσαν

-ουσαι
-ουσῶν
-ούσαις
-ούσας

a
u
g
m
e
n
t

pa-ind
-ον
-ες
-εν-ομεν
-ετε
-ον

M
E
D
I
O

P
A
S
S
I
V
E

pr-ind

-ομαι
-ει/-ῃ/-εαι
-εται
-όμεθα
-εσθε
-ονται 4)

subj
-ωμαι
-ῃ/-ηαι
-ηται

-ώμεθα
-ησθε
-ωνται

opt
-οίμην
-οιο
-οιτο

-οίμεθα
-οισθε
-οιντο/

-οιατο

5)

imp

-ου/-εο/-ευ
-έσθω

-εσθε
-έσθων

6)

inf

-εσθαι

ptc
>M
-όμενος
-ομένου
-ομένῳ
-όμενον
-όμενοι
-ομένων
-ομένοις
-ομένους

>Νe
-όμενον
-ομένου
-ομένῳ
-όμενον
-όμενα

-ομένων
-ομένοις
-όμενα

>F
-ομένη
-ομένης
-ομένῃ
-ομένην
-όμεναι
-ομενῶν
-ομέναις
-ομένας

a
u
g
m
e
n
t

pa-ind
-όμην
-ου/-εο/-ευ
-ετο
-όμεθα
-εσθε

-οντο

Athematic conjugation regularly has variation of stem length, even from sg to pl, or from ind to opt of the same unit of conjugation:

στη-/στα-

σβη-/σβε-/

σβει-/σβ-

A
T
H
E
M
A

T
I

DURATIVES

AORISTS

II. –σα/σε/σ- (A & Md)

III. –α/ε/-- (A&Md)

IV. –θη/θε(ι)/θ- (P)

V. –η/ε/ει/-- (P)

VI. –κα/κε/κ- (only τίθημι, δίδωμι, ἵημι, (A&Md)

FUTURES

There are no athematic fu’s

PERFECTS

I. –κα/κε/κ- (A only)

II. –α/ε/-- (A only)

III. as II, but with aspirated last stem cons.

IV. zero (both A & MdP)

A
C
T
I
V
E

pr-ind
-μι
-ς
-σιν/--ν-μεν
-τε
-ασιν 7)

subj
-ω/-ωμι
-ῃς/-ῃσθα
-ῃ/-ῃσιν

-ωμεν/-ομεν
-ητε/-ετε
-ωσιν

opt
-ίην/-ιμι
-ίης/-ις/-ιας
-ίη/-ι/-ιεν

-ιμεν
-ιτε
-ιεν/-ιαν

10)

imp

--/-θι/-ς
-τω

-τε
-ντων/
-τωσαν
11)

inf

-ναι/-ι/

-μεν(αι)

12)

ptc
>M
-ς
-ντος
-ντι
-ντα

-ντες
-ντων

-σιν
-ντας

13)

>Ne
-ν
-ντος
-ντι
-ν

-ντα
-ντων
-σιν
-ντα

14)

>F
-σα
-σης
-σῃ
-σαν

-σαι
-σῶν
-σαις
-σας

15)

a
u
g
m
e
n
t

pa-ind
-ν/--
-ς 8)
--
-μεν
-τε
-σαν/-ν

M
E
D
I
O
P
A
S
S
I
V
E

pr-ind
-μαι
-σαι/-αι
-ται 16)
-μεθα
-σθε
-νται/-αται

subj
-ωμαι/-ομαι
-ῃ/-ηαι/-εαι
-ηται/-εται

-ώμεθα/-όμεθα
-ησθε
-ωνται

18)

opt
-ίμην
-ιο
-ιτο

-ίμεθα
-ισθε
-ιντο/-ιατο

19

imp

-σο/-ο/-ι
-σθω

-σθε
-σθων

20)

inf

-σθαι

ptc
>M

-μενος
-μένου
-μένῳ
-μενον
-μενοι
-μένων
-μένοις
-μένους

>Ne
-μενον
-μένου
-μένῳ
-μενον
-μενα
-μένων
-μένοις
-μενα

>F
-μένη
-μένης
-μένῃ
-μένην
-μεναι
-μενῶν
-μέναις
-μένας

a
u
g
m
e
n
t

pa-ind
-μην
-σο/-ο
-το 17)
-μεθα
-σθε
-ντο/-ατο

To complete the synopsis one can take a look at the dual of the verb and verbal adjectives, both pretty rare forms, but not to be altogether ignored.

1) The alternative sg endings are solely Epic (Homer) and epic-imitating language.

2) Later prose has a different ending for the 3^rd pl:

-έτωσαν, but the older ending has not been quite forgotten.

3) The endings –εμεν(αι) are Epic (Homer) and epic-imitating language. [NB. likeness of these forms to A ind 1st pl and MP ptc >N pl F in -όμεναι]

4) Only older Attic prose is strict in the use of the ending

-ει; elsewhere the second ending may even be preferred.

-εαι is Epic (etc.)

5) The alternative 3rd pl ending is Ionic and Epic, not in Attic prose.

6) Only the ending -ου is Attic; the other two are Ionic and Epic.

In later prose the ending -έσθωσαν tends to displace

-έσθων.

7) 1st sg: the ending -μι in duratives, -- in perfects

3rd sg: the ending -σιν in duratives, --ν in perfects.

8) 1st sg: -ν in duratives and perfects; -- in aorists

3rd pl: -σαν in duratives and perfects; -ν in aorists. Epic may show -ν anywhere, preceded by short vowel.

9) The alternative endings are Epic (Homer and epic-imitating language. When attached to stems in -α- & -ω- the rules for contraction apply, excepting -ωῃ-, which contracts to -ῳ-. Epic has uncontracted forms.

10) All alternative endings are peculiar to aor.II; in aor.II there are no others.

In plural endings -ιημεν, -ιητε, -ιησαν are not uncommon (in later prose)

11) The zero-ending is the regular one; -θι in aor.I and aor.IV (but there -θηθι changes into -θητι); also in aor V; -θι also in ἴθι (= go), ἴσθι (=be), ἴσθι (= know), φάθι (=say, tell) and a few less frequent such as ἵλαθι (= have pity)

-ς solely in δός, ἕς, θές & σχές, respectively A aor imp 2^nd sg of δίδωμι, ἵημι, τίθημι & ἔχω. Epic is ἐνίσπες (< ἐννέπω)

NB. A aor imp 2^nd sg of aor.II ends in -σον, not provided for in the synopsis, although it is probably the most frequent of all A aor imp 2^nd sg.

Here too in later prose the ending -τωσαν for A imp 3^rd pl sometimes displaces the older ending.

12) The regular ending is -ναι. –μεν(αι) is Epic (etc.). The ending

-ι is solely for A aor inf of aor.II, where no other is used.

[NB. The inf forms in –μεν(αι) are identical with A ind 1^st pl and Md ptc >N pl F]

13) + 14) + 15) Vowels before ς/σ may be α, ει, ου, υ,

before ν may be α, ε, ο, υ.

Active perf ptc's have a formation peculiar to themselves; for >M and >Ne the ptc-marker is -οτ-, for >F it is -υι-; this results in the following:

>M: -ώς, -ότος, -ότι, -ότα, -ότες, -ότων, -όσιν, -ότας

>Ne: -ός, -ότος, -ότι, -ός, -ότα, -ότων, -όσιν, -ότα

>F: -υῖα, -υίας, -υίᾳ, -υῖαν, -υῖαι, -υιῶν, -υίαις, -υίας

16) The ending -σαι (2^nd sg) , attached to stems ending in a consonant, frequently causes or undergoes changes. See assimilations.

Alternative ending for 3^rd pl is Ionic and Epic (etc.)

17) The ending -σο (2^nd sg), attached to stems ending in a consonant, frequently causes or undergoes changes. See assimilations.

The ending -ο (2^nd sg), attached to stems ending in a vowel, often contracts with this vowel, resulting in such forms as ἐδύνω (<ἐδύναο)

The alternative 3^rd pl ending is Ionic and Epic (etc.)

18) The alternative endings are Epic (etc.)

19) Alternative ending Ionic and Epic (etc.)

20) In later prose an alternative ending -σθωσαν for 3^rd pl tends to displace the older one.

abbreviations    cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative    voices: active, middle, passive    adjectives    adjuncts    adverbs    anomalous nouns

article    assimilation    augment    canonical conjugation    composite verbs    contracted verbs    eimi be    eimi go    exercises    for dummies

grammatical introduction    grammatical terms    keystoexercise    moods: indicative, subjunctive , optative, imperative, infinitive, participle

morphemes oida phases: durative, aorist future, perfect reading Greek: 1 2 reduplication script stem synopsis noun synopsis verb